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The relationship between glutamine, glutamate, and GABA is often defined as the glutamine-glutamate/GABA cycle, which is a well-known concept involving the transfer of glutamine from astrocytes to neurons and neurotransmitters glutamate or GABA from neurons to astrocytes [38, 39]

2022 Jul;187:113-122

Viral nsp12 could alter AA metabolism (especially of the branchedchain amino acids , BCAA), while nsp12, nsp7 , and nsp8 interactions with electron transport chain (ETC) and ribosomal proteins could potentially dysregulate mitochondrial respiration 39

Besides that, purine and pyrimidine synthesis use also glutamine-derived aspartate, whose supplementation can rescue cell cycle arrest caused by glutamine deprivation [44]

Vitamin D receptors, which have the ability to regulate a multitude of genes and consequently modulate several cellular pathways, are expressed in nearly all human cells