In contrast to S -nicotine, R -nicotine did not induce weight loss in rats and did not trigger epinephrine release.35 36 R -nicotine is a significantly less potent (~10-fold) agonist of nicotine receptors than S -nicotine, however, both stereoisomers interfere with the production of certain lipid mediators involved in regulation of inflammation.36 37 Hellinghausen et al devised a methodology to determine the concentrations of both R -nicotine and S -nicotine in E-liquids, nicotine patches and tablets, using a chiral stationary phase for enantioselective separation by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC), circular dichroism detection and electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry.38 The authors reported that one product contained twice as much total nicotine (sum of R -nicotine and S -nicotine) as stated on the product label, effectively listing only the S -nicotine strength, while for other products the amount listed on the label was equivalent to the total nicotine amount, with effectively half present as S -nicotine.38 These confusing labelling practices may expose unknowing users to high levels of R- nicotine, or to lower S -nicotine levels they are used to, causing them to purchase products with higher total nicotine content
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Prev Med 175:107712 Cappuccio FP, DElia L, Strazzullo P, Miller MA (2010) Sleep duration and all-cause mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies
